Take the Tokaido Shinkansen from Tokyo Station to Shin-Osaka. Nozomi is fastest (~2h30) and Hikari (~3h00). Purchase reserved seats at Midori no Madoguchi, ticket machines, or online in advance.
Board JR Special Rapid from Osaka Station to Kyoto Station (~28–30 minutes, JPY560); IC cards are accepted and ticket machines are available if needed.
Stroll this lively market for local foods, sweets and crafts — many stalls open from about 9:00–17:00, and some sellers can advise on halal-friendly items.
Both attractions are good non-temple options: Railway Museum typical hours 10:00–17:30 and Kyoto Aquarium usually 10:00–18:00 — check openings for your date.