Tabriz, the capital of East Azerbaijan in northwestern Iran, possesses a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) that borders on a humid continental type. Situated at an average elevation of approximately 1,350 to 1,600 meters (4,430–5,250 ft) and nestled between the volcanic peaks of the Sahand and Eynali mountains, the city’s weather is significantly influenced by its high altitude and continental interior location.
Character of the Seasons
- Winter (December to February): This is the harshest yet most characteristic season. Temperatures frequently drop below freezing, with January averages around -3°C (26°F) and record lows historically reaching -25°C (-13°F). Snowfall is common and persistent, often remaining on the surrounding Sahand peaks for up to nine months of the year. Stable atmospheric conditions can lead to morning fog and inversions.
- Spring (March to May): Spring is the most volatile and wettest season. April typically sees the highest frequency of precipitation, often arriving as sudden afternoon thunderstorms. While mornings are brisk, the landscape turns vibrant as the irrigation-fed gardens and mountain slopes begin to bloom.
- Summer (June to August): Summers are hot, arid, and remarkably clear. Daytime highs in July and August frequently hover around 30°C to 34°C (86°F–93°F). However, the high altitude ensures that heat is rarely oppressive; the air is thin and dry, results in rapid cooling once the sun disappears. Humidity levels drop to their annual lows during this period.
- Autumn (September to November): This is a gentle transitional period. September remains warm and dry, while October and November see a sharp decline in temperature as the first frosts arrive. Early autumn snowfalls are not unheard of, though rain is more common in late October.
Diurnal Patterns and the "Feel" of the Air
One of the most defining aspects of Tabriz’s climate is the high diurnal temperature range. On a typical summer day, the temperature can fluctuate by as much as 15°C to 20°C (27°F–36°F) between the blazing afternoon sun and the crisp, cool midnight air.
The air in Tabriz feels "thin" and sharp. Because of the low humidity and high elevation, the sun’s UV rays are intense during the day, making the temperature feel hotter on the skin than the thermometer suggests. Conversely, the lack of moisture means there is little heat retention in the atmosphere at night, leading to a sudden and refreshing (or biting) drop in temperature as soon as dusk falls.
Microclimates and Regional Variation
Tabriz’s topography creates distinct microclimates:
- Eastern vs. Western Variations: There is an elevation difference of roughly 200 meters between the eastern and western parts of the city. The higher eastern neighborhoods often experience cooler temperatures and slightly more precipitation.
- The Sahand Influence: Mount Sahand, located to the south, acts as a massive thermal regulator. Cool breezes often roll down from the snowy peaks into the city during summer nights, locally known for providing a natural "air conditioning" effect.
- Urban Heat Island: Recent studies show that as Tabriz urbanizes, the city center is becoming a nocturnal heat island, remaining significantly warmer than the surrounding bare mountain slopes and valleys.
Local Adaptations and Historical Context
Locals have lived in harmony with these extremes for centuries. Traditional Tabrizi architecture (like the Safavid-era houses and the historic Bazaar) features thick brick walls for thermal mass, keeping interiors cool in summer and retaining heat in winter. Historically, the city utilized "Yakhchals" (ice pits) to store mountain snow for use during the hot summer months.
In modern times, the "City of Firsts" experiences a vibrant social shift with the seasons. Summer evenings see the parks and squares filled with residents escaping the afternoon heat, while winter life centers around the korsi (a traditional low table with a heater underneath and a heavy blanket over it) and the local ski resorts on the slopes of Sahand, which typically operate from January through mid-March.