Minneapolis features a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), characterized by four distinct seasons and significant temperature swings. As the coldest major metropolitan area in the United States, its weather is shaped by its mid-continental location, far from the moderating influence of oceans. This results in deep, snowy winters and surprisingly warm, humid summers.
Seasonal Weather Patterns
Winter (Late November – Mid-March)
Winter in Minneapolis is a defining experience. Temperatures frequently remain below freezing for weeks at a time.
- Conditions: January is the coldest month, with average highs of 23°F (-5°C) and lows of 7°F (-14°C). Arctic air masses can push temperatures well below 0°F (-18°C), paired with biting winds that create dangerous wind chill factors.
- Precipitation: Snow is common, with an average annual accumulation of 48 to 55 inches. December typically sees the heaviest snowfall, turning the city into a "deep winter wonderland."
- The "Feel": The air is incredibly dry and crisp. On sunny winter days, the sky is often a piercing, cloudless blue—a phenomenon locals appreciate despite the cold.
Spring (Late March – May)
Spring is a season of dramatic transitions. It is often short and unpredictable, as the region battles between receding Arctic air and arriving Gulf moisture.
- Conditions: March starts with melting snow and mud (locally known as "mud season"), while May brings pleasant highs in the upper 60s°F (20°C).
- Variations: It is not uncommon to experience a snowstorm in April followed by a 70°F day just a week later.
- Atmospheric Events: Rapidly falling low-pressure systems can trigger severe thunderstorms and, occasionally, tornadoes as the ground warms.
Summer (June – Early September)
Summer is vibrant, warm, and surprisingly humid. Modern Minneapolis summers often feel tropical compared to its reputation as a frozen north.
- Conditions: July is the warmest month, with average highs of 83°F (28°C). Heat waves can occasionally push mercury past 90°F (32°C).
- Humidity: Significant moisture flows up from the Gulf of Mexico, making summer days feel "muggier" than many expect. June is the wettest month of the year, frequently seeing afternoon thunderstorms.
- Daylight: Due to its northern latitude, Minneapolis enjoys very long summer days, with sunset occurring after 9:00 PM in late June.
Fall (Mid-September – mid-November)
Many consider autumn the most comfortable season. The air turns drier (lower dew points), and the sky becomes a deep "Minnesota blue."
- Conditions: September offers mild, sunny days in the 70s°F (20s°C), while October drops into the 50s°F (10s°C) with crisp nights.
- Visuals: Peak foliage usually occurs in early to mid-October, with vibrant reds and golds from the region's maple and oak trees.
Daily Rhythms and Microclimates
In the Twin Cities, the Urban Heat Island effect is notable. Downtown Minneapolis can be 5–10°F warmer than the surrounding rural suburbs, particularly on calm winter nights. In summer, the region's numerous lakes—over 13 within city limits—can provide a slight cooling effect for those directly on the shore, though they also contribute to localized humidity.
Local Adaptations: Living with the Extremes
Minneapolis residents don't just endure the weather; they embrace it through infrastructure and culture:
- The Skyways: To navigate the sub-zero winter temperatures, downtown Minneapolis features over 9 miles of enclosed, climate-controlled pedestrian bridges (the Skyway System), allowing locals to walk between towers without stepping outside.
- Active Winter Culture: While other cities hibernate, Minneapolitans engage in "active wintering," with public ice rinks, groomed cross-country ski trails, and festivals like the City of Lakes Loppet.
- The "Thaw" Spirit: When the first 40°F day arrives in March, it is common to see locals wearing shorts and t-shirts, as the relative warmth feels substantial after months of sub-zero temperatures.
Historical Context & Phenomena
Minneapolis weather is historically recorded by the MSP International Airport station. Notable events include the 1991 Halloween Blizzard, which dropped over 28 inches of snow, and the Record High of 108°F in 1936. Visitors should be aware of "Alberta Clippers"—fast-moving, cold low-pressure systems from Canada that bring quick bursts of snow and sharp temperature drops in winter.